Effective Proportion of Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) in Mixed Pastures for Botanical Stability and Mitigating Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Cow Urine Patches

Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) is recognised for its ability to improve summer feed productivity as well mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from grazed pastoral soils. This study aims determine the proportion of plantain required in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), or RWC, mixed swards maintain yield stability quantify N2O emission reductions. The botanical composition was monitored when sown at different rates 0%, 30%, 50% 70% RWC pastures under grazing by dairy cows over 2 years. Urine (6.15 g N L−1), 30% (5.40 L−1) (4.40 used measure (n = 5) their origin assess impact rhizosphere on applying urine pasture, vice versa, late summer–autumn using static chambers technique. After declining spring, content recovered early autumn reached a peak 40% pasture around winter. A lower urine, therefore N-loading rate resulted 39% total compared treatment. In conclusion, stable throughout years, it not only reduced urinary concentration cattle but also contributed EFs.